Compounds › Verified against primary sources

Gut — the GLP-2 analogues and larazotide

The phase 3 trials of the GLP-2 analogues are in short bowel syndrome, not leaky gut. Larazotide's only phase 3 trial was terminated by the sponsor — and the search for it returns records of a Fabry disease drug

Partially approvedVerified against primary sources

AI-generated illustration. Not data, and not an image from a study.

Experimental material. Read before using anything from here.

Nothing on this page is a medical recommendation, prescription or treatment plan. It is an organized translation of protocols circulating in research communities and, where it exists, of what published trials tested. The two are marked differently — and they are not equivalent.

Most of the compounds here have no FDA approval for human use. Several are sold labeled "research use only", which means they have not gone through purity, sterility or dosage controls for human consumption. A community-reported dose is not a validated dose: it is what someone reported having done.

Talk to a licensed health professional before considering any of these compounds. If you already use one and feel anything unexpected, seek care — do not wait for the next routine test.

Specific caution for this compound: Teduglutide is a prescription drug for a serious, rare disease; the US label calls for surveillance colonoscopy, because of the risk of accelerating tumor growth, and warns of intestinal obstruction. The other three have no product registered in Brazil. What is bought under these names is sold as a research reagent.

Summary

Teduglutide, glepaglutide and apraglutide are GLP-2 analogues developed for short bowel syndrome; larazotide, for celiac disease. They reach the market as peptides for "leaky gut". Only teduglutide has a label, and the label is for a rare disease with dependence on nutrition through a vein.

The GLP-2 analogues and the leaky-gut promise

GLP-2 is a gut hormone, a cousin of the GLP-1 in weight-loss pens. Its analogues — teduglutide, glepaglutide, apraglutide — were developed for a rare and serious disease: short bowel syndrome, in which the person has lost so much intestine that they depend on nutrition through a vein. Larazotide is something else, a peptide designed to close the junctions between the cells of the mucosa in celiac disease.

In the store library I used as a list of what was missing, GLP-2 and larazotide appear linked to something else: "leaky gut". The page measures that distance.

A method caveat that changes how a whole row reads. The larazotide search on ClinicalTrials.gov returns records of another drug. The development code AT1001 was used for larazotide and also for migalastat, a drug for Fabry disease, and the database treats the two as synonyms. Of the 29 records the larazotide search returns, 19 are Fabry; of the 9 phase 3, 1 is in celiac disease. I publish the search's number and write the caveat, because changing the query to make the number look right would hide the problem from whoever repeats it.

No number on this page came from the site's secondary source.

How much evidence exists, compound by compound

The numbers below were gathered by me on October 5, 2026, on PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. Each row's query is written out in full, next to the number, so anyone can repeat it and contradict me — and so the script that rechecks this site's counts can run all of them.

The condition column is not a claim about mechanism: it is the Condition field copied from the largest phase 3 record that the search itself returned. When there is no phase 3 record, the cell says so.

Compound	Condition in phase 3 registrations	Query	Articles in PubMed	Studies on ClinicalTrials.gov
Teduglutide	Short Bowel Syndrome	`teduglutide`	386	50
Glepaglutide	Short Bowel Syndrome	`glepaglutide`	36	9
Apraglutide	Short Bowel Syndrome	`apraglutide`	31	10
Larazotide	Celiac Disease	`larazotide`	81	29

What exists in phase 3, and who it belongs to

An article count measures academic attention, not outcome evidence. The table below separates what has a registered phase 3 trial — and shows the largest record the search returned, with the declared number of participants and the sponsor. A registration is not a result.

Compound	Query	Registered phase 3 trials	The largest registration I opened
Teduglutide	`(teduglutide) AND AREA[Phase]PHASE3`	22	NCT00930644 · n = 88 · Shire Short Bowel Syndrome
Glepaglutide	`(glepaglutide) AND AREA[Phase]PHASE3`	6	NCT03905707 · n = 150 · Zealand Pharma Short Bowel Syndrome
Apraglutide	`(apraglutide) AND AREA[Phase]PHASE3`	3	NCT04627025 · n = 164 · VectivBio AG Short Bowel Syndrome
Larazotide	`(larazotide) AND AREA[Phase]PHASE3`	9	NCT03569007 · n = 307 · 9 Meters Biopharma, Inc. Celiac Disease

Where the numbers don't add up

The phase 3 trials of the GLP-2 analogues are in short bowel. Of the 31 phase 3 records for the three molecules, 26 have short bowel syndrome as the condition; the others are physiology studies of blood fat and of ileostomy with teduglutide. None is in leaky gut. What is sold as "GLP-2" for that uses the name of a molecule studied for another disease.
Teduglutide is the only one with a label: approved by the FDA in 2012, for adults and children from 1 year of age with short bowel dependent on parenteral nutrition, and registered in Brazil as REVESTIVE.
Larazotide's only phase 3 trial was terminated by the sponsor. Record NCT03569007, in celiac disease, had 307 participants and gives as the reason only "terminated by sponsor". There is no result posted in the record.
Glepaglutide and apraglutide have no active registration in Brazil. I did not look them up on openFDA, and so this page makes no claim about their status in the United States.

In Brazil

I searched every active ingredient in the open data on registered medicines in Brazil, downloaded on October 5, 2026 — 43,596 rows, counting only Active status, in the active ingredient and in the product name, ignoring accents and case. The therapeutic class is the one the dataset itself declares.

Active ingredient	Search pattern	Active registrations	Declared therapeutic class	Products
Teduglutide	`TEDUGLUT`	1	OTHER HORMONES AND MODULATORS OF METABOLISM AND DIGESTION	REVESTIVE
Glepaglutide	`GLEPAGLUT`	0	—	—
Apraglutide	`APRAGLUT`	0	—	—
Larazotide	`LARAZOT`	0	—	—

References

This page did not come from the secondary source. All counts on this page were gathered by me on October 5, 2026, with the query declared next to each number. The method caveats are written in the first section, before the tables. This page was fact-checked on its own day, and that's why it carries its own date.

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